An introduction to scientific research wilson pdf Cape Town
An introduction to scientific research / by E. Bright
RESEARCH INTO IDENTIFYING EFFECTIVE LEARNING. 2-2-2017В В· Background: The scientific article in the health sciences evolved from the letter form and purely descriptive style in the seventeenth century to a very standardized structure in the twentieth century known as introduction, methods, results, and discussion (IMRAD)., Discover scientific knowledge, and make your research visible. Join for free. Connect with LinkedIn Connect with Facebook. ResearchGate is changing how scientists share and advance research. Links researchers from around the world. Transforming the world through collaboration..
The Scientific Method unce.unr.edu
The Scientific Method unce.unr.edu. Title [Pub.81] Download An Introduction to Scientific Research by E. Bright Wilson Jr. PDF Subject: Read Online and Download Ebook An Introduction to Scientific Research., Research Methodology Haradhan Kumar Mohajan Premier University, Chittagong, Bangladesh Email: haradhan1971@gmail.com 3.1 Introduction This chapter presents all the tools and systems used for this dissertation. It discusses the methodological epistemologies and approaches that support mathematical economics and social choice research..
AN INTRODUCTION TO SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH E. BRIGHT WILSON, JR. Theodore William Richards Professor of Chemistry, Emeritus, Harvard University DOVER PUBLICATIONS, INC. AN INTRODUCTION TO SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH E. BRIGHT WILSON, JR. Theodore William Richards Professor of Chemistry, Emeritus, Harvard University DOVER PUBLICATIONS, INC.
Wilson Yetoh Fantong John T. Manful In order to develop simple and adaptable measures to reduce the impact of changing climatic conditions and poor postharvest practices on grain quality, data on temperature and postharvest practices were collected and correlated with physical grain quality parameters for 3 rice devel- opment hubs (Ndop, Lagdo and Mbam) in Cameroon. 2-2-2017В В· Background: The scientific article in the health sciences evolved from the letter form and purely descriptive style in the seventeenth century to a very standardized structure in the twentieth century known as introduction, methods, results, and discussion (IMRAD).
Edgar Bright Wilson Jr. (December 18, 1908 – June 12, 1992) was an American chemist. Wilson was a prominent and accomplished chemist and teacher, recipient of the National Medal of Science in 1975, Guggenheim Fellowships in 1949 and 1970, the Elliott Cresson Medal in 1982, and a … A Scientific Review. Most literature reviews describe the learning process of discovering and documenting all that is already known about a particular topic before attempting to add to it. Many research students are told that they need to find a “gap in the literature" and formulate a research question according to that niche.
Page 1 T869 LECH-e Module1 Textbook 2012 Module 1: Introduction to climate change in the context of sustainable development TEXTBOOK By Gordon Wilson, … 2-2-2017 · Background: The scientific article in the health sciences evolved from the letter form and purely descriptive style in the seventeenth century to a very standardized structure in the twentieth century known as introduction, methods, results, and discussion (IMRAD).
AN INTRODUCTION TO SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH E. BRIGHT WILSON, JR. Theodore William Richards Professor of Chemistry, Emeritus, Harvard University DOVER PUBLICATIONS, INC. Scientific research has provided knowledge and understanding that has freed humankind from the ignorance that once promoted fear, mysticism, superstition, and illness. Developments in science and scientific methods, however, did not come easily.
Research is a structured enquiry that utilizes acceptable scientific methodology to solve problems and create new knowledge that is generally applicable. Scientific methods consist of systematic observation, classification and interpretation of data. Although we engage in such process in our daily life, the difference between our I fundamental research methodologies and I good practice in research, I formulation of research questions and hypotheses, I logical reasoning, I literature research, I proper acknowledgement of sources, I principles in carrying out experimental research." CS M00 Lecture 1: Introduction 6/ 41 Overview over the Module Research Culture in Computer
free download pdf An Introduction to Scientific Research online full books https://fullfreedownloadpdfbooks999.blogspot.com/0486665453 E. Bright Wilson, Jr. is a distinguished scientist and educator whose previous works include Molecular Vibrations and Introduction to Quantum Mechanics (with Linus Pauling). In the present book, he has distilled years of experiment and experience into an indispensable broad-based guide for any scientific worker tackling a research problem
An Introduction to Scientific Research Physics Today Vol
AN INTRODUCTION TO SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Dandelon. Edgar Bright Wilson Jr. (December 18, 1908 – June 12, 1992) was an American chemist. Wilson was a prominent and accomplished chemist and teacher, recipient of the National Medal of Science in 1975, Guggenheim Fellowships in 1949 and 1970, the Elliott Cresson Medal in 1982, and a …, Discover scientific knowledge, and make your research visible. Join for free. Connect with LinkedIn Connect with Facebook. ResearchGate is changing how scientists share and advance research. Links researchers from around the world. Transforming the world through collaboration..
An Introduction to Scientific Research Jr. E. Bright
RESEARCH INTO IDENTIFYING EFFECTIVE LEARNING. Abstract. Book review of: An Introduction to Scientific Research. E. BRIGHT WILSON,\ud JR. Pp. 375+xiii, Figs. 53, McGraw-Hill\ud Book Company, Inc., https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist An interview in qualitative research is a conversation where questions are asked to elicit information. The interviewer is usually a professional or paid researcher, sometimes trained, who poses questions to the interviewee, in an alternating series of usually brief questions and answers..
Page 1 T869 LECH-e Module1 Textbook 2012 Module 1: Introduction to climate change in the context of sustainable development TEXTBOOK By Gordon Wilson, … An Introduction to Scientific Research [Jr. E. Bright Wilson] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. An Introduction to Scientific Research 1952 E. BRIGHT WILSON, JR. 52-7448 SCIENCE ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS ANALYSIS MEASUREMENTS
- Paper (.pdf) II. B OOK. Trade Liberalization. Romain Wacziarg, editor. A two-volume collection of papers, with an introduction by the editor, in The International Library of Critical Writings in Economics, Edward Elgar, October 2018. - Book website / Introduction by request . … Discover scientific knowledge, and make your research visible. Join for free. Connect with LinkedIn Connect with Facebook. ResearchGate is changing how scientists share and advance research. Links researchers from around the world. Transforming the world through collaboration.
An Introduction to Scientific Research: 9780486665450: the book is more specifically intended for students beginning research and for those more experienced research workers who wish an introduction to various topics not included in their An Introduction to Scientific Research Rev Sub edition by Wilson Jr., E. Bright (1991) Paperback 2-2-2017В В· Background: The scientific article in the health sciences evolved from the letter form and purely descriptive style in the seventeenth century to a very standardized structure in the twentieth century known as introduction, methods, results, and discussion (IMRAD).
Introduction to ScientiÞ c Research Projects 12 What is an undergraduate scientiÞ c research project? 1.2 How is different to other types of research projects? An undergraduate scientific research projects fits into a progression of scientific research and is therefore often seen as … Scientific research has provided knowledge and understanding that has freed humankind from the ignorance that once promoted fear, mysticism, superstition, and illness. Developments in science and scientific methods, however, did not come easily.
analysis of scientific, educational, and/or technical aspects, cost, Publication Clearinghouse, 4201 Wilson Blvd. Arilington VA, 22230 or by phone at (703) 292-7827. 5 activities in education and research. The Guide to Programs is available on the Web at 2-2-2017В В· Background: The scientific article in the health sciences evolved from the letter form and purely descriptive style in the seventeenth century to a very standardized structure in the twentieth century known as introduction, methods, results, and discussion (IMRAD).
Russel L. Ackoff, "An Introduction to Scientific Research. E. Bright Wilson, Jr. ," Philosophy of Science 21, no. 4 (Oct., 1954): 354. An Introduction to Scientific Research [Jr. E. Bright Wilson] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. An Introduction to Scientific Research 1952 E. BRIGHT WILSON, JR. 52-7448 SCIENCE ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS ANALYSIS MEASUREMENTS
Download Download An Introduction to Scientific Research Download file Ebook Online Download Here https://zunoducege.blogspot.kr/?book=0486665453 Paperbac… Download Download An Introduction to Scientific Research Download file Ebook Online Download Here https://zunoducege.blogspot.kr/?book=0486665453 Paperbac…
An Introduction to Scientific Research The American
The Scientific Method unce.unr.edu. 159 RESEARCH INTO IDENTIFYING EFFECTIVE LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS Kenn Fisher Director, Learning Futures, Rubida Research Pty Ltd. Introduction The evaluation of school learning environments has for decades traditionally focused on the technical, Introduction to the Scientific Method pg.1 Introduction to the Scientific Method What habitat at your school has the highest insect biodiversity? Overview This lesson serves as a good introduction to the scientific method, Scientific research may begin by generating new.
An introduction to scientific research / by E. Bright
The introduction methods results and discussion (IMRAD. An interview in qualitative research is a conversation where questions are asked to elicit information. The interviewer is usually a professional or paid researcher, sometimes trained, who poses questions to the interviewee, in an alternating series of usually brief questions and answers., Scientific research has provided knowledge and understanding that has freed humankind from the ignorance that once promoted fear, mysticism, superstition, and illness. Developments in science and scientific methods, however, did not come easily..
21-7-2011В В· Research involves the critical analysis of each and every solution to a problem using the scientific method to identify the best evidence based solution for action at the time. Research is thus the foundation of evidence based practice [3,4]. Society expects universities to lead both the teaching and carrying out of research. Research Introduction: Research is an essential and powerful tool in leading man towards progress. Without systematic research there would have been very little progress. John W. Best has rightly said, ^The secret of our cultural development has been research, pushing back the areas of ignorance by
Introduction to ScientiÞ c Research Projects 12 What is an undergraduate scientiÞ c research project? 1.2 How is different to other types of research projects? An undergraduate scientific research projects fits into a progression of scientific research and is therefore often seen as … - Paper (.pdf) II. B OOK. Trade Liberalization. Romain Wacziarg, editor. A two-volume collection of papers, with an introduction by the editor, in The International Library of Critical Writings in Economics, Edward Elgar, October 2018. - Book website / Introduction by request . …
The Scientific Method – Is it worth all the effort? Scientific knowledge can only advance when all scientists systematically use the same process to discover and disseminate new information. The advantage of all scientific research using the Scientific Method is that the experiments are repeatable by anyone, anywhere. Russel L. Ackoff, "An Introduction to Scientific Research. E. Bright Wilson, Jr. ," Philosophy of Science 21, no. 4 (Oct., 1954): 354.
Wilson Yetoh Fantong John T. Manful In order to develop simple and adaptable measures to reduce the impact of changing climatic conditions and poor postharvest practices on grain quality, data on temperature and postharvest practices were collected and correlated with physical grain quality parameters for 3 rice devel- opment hubs (Ndop, Lagdo and Mbam) in Cameroon. Russel L. Ackoff, "An Introduction to Scientific Research. E. Bright Wilson, Jr. ," Philosophy of Science 21, no. 4 (Oct., 1954): 354.
AN INTRODUCTION TO SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH E. BRIGHT WILSON, JR. Theodore William Richards Professor of Chemistry, Emeritus, Harvard University DOVER PUBLICATIONS, INC. Impact of Extracurricular Activities on Students by Nikki Wilson A Research Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Science Degree III School Counseling Approved: 2 Semester Credits 2 The Graduate School University of Wisconsin-Stout May, 2009
How to Write a Paper in Scientific Journal Style and Format (pdf) The Structure, Format, Content, and Style of a Journal-Style Scientific Paper Table of Contents FAQs early in the Introduction, then narrow toward the more specific topical information that provides E. Bright Wilson, Jr. is a distinguished scientist and educator whose previous works include Molecular Vibrations and Introduction to Quantum Mechanics (with Linus Pauling). In the present book, he has distilled years of experiment and experience into an indispensable broad-based guide for any scientific worker tackling a research problem
Edgar Bright Wilson Wikipedia
An Introduction to Scientific Research Physics Today Vol. The Scientific Method – Is it worth all the effort? Scientific knowledge can only advance when all scientists systematically use the same process to discover and disseminate new information. The advantage of all scientific research using the Scientific Method is that the experiments are repeatable by anyone, anywhere., Impact of Extracurricular Activities on Students by Nikki Wilson A Research Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Science Degree III School Counseling Approved: 2 Semester Credits 2 The Graduate School University of Wisconsin-Stout May, 2009.
An Introduction to Scientific Research Jr. E. Bright
Edgar Bright Wilson Wikipedia. An Introduction to Scientific Research E. Bright Wilson Jr. and Jesse W. M. DuMond Citation: American Journal of Physics 21, 392 (1953); doi: 10.1119/1.1933468 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist 159 RESEARCH INTO IDENTIFYING EFFECTIVE LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS Kenn Fisher Director, Learning Futures, Rubida Research Pty Ltd. Introduction The evaluation of school learning environments has for decades traditionally focused on the technical.
An Introduction to Scientific Research: 9780486665450: the book is more specifically intended for students beginning research and for those more experienced research workers who wish an introduction to various topics not included in their An Introduction to Scientific Research Rev Sub edition by Wilson Jr., E. Bright (1991) Paperback Impact of Extracurricular Activities on Students by Nikki Wilson A Research Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Science Degree III School Counseling Approved: 2 Semester Credits 2 The Graduate School University of Wisconsin-Stout May, 2009
A Scientific Review. Most literature reviews describe the learning process of discovering and documenting all that is already known about a particular topic before attempting to add to it. Many research students are told that they need to find a “gap in the literature" and formulate a research question according to that niche. Research Methodology Haradhan Kumar Mohajan Premier University, Chittagong, Bangladesh Email: haradhan1971@gmail.com 3.1 Introduction This chapter presents all the tools and systems used for this dissertation. It discusses the methodological epistemologies and approaches that support mathematical economics and social choice research.
An interview in qualitative research is a conversation where questions are asked to elicit information. The interviewer is usually a professional or paid researcher, sometimes trained, who poses questions to the interviewee, in an alternating series of usually brief questions and answers. Title [Pub.81] Download An Introduction to Scientific Research by E. Bright Wilson Jr. PDF Subject: Read Online and Download Ebook An Introduction to Scientific Research.
2-2-2017В В· Background: The scientific article in the health sciences evolved from the letter form and purely descriptive style in the seventeenth century to a very standardized structure in the twentieth century known as introduction, methods, results, and discussion (IMRAD). Artistic research, also seen as 'practice-based research', can take form when creative works are considered both the research and the object of research itself. It is the debatable body of thought which offers an alternative to purely scientific methods in research in its search for knowledge and truth. Scientific research
Research Introduction: Research is an essential and powerful tool in leading man towards progress. Without systematic research there would have been very little progress. John W. Best has rightly said, ^The secret of our cultural development has been research, pushing back the areas of ignorance by Artistic research, also seen as 'practice-based research', can take form when creative works are considered both the research and the object of research itself. It is the debatable body of thought which offers an alternative to purely scientific methods in research in its search for knowledge and truth. Scientific research
- Paper (.pdf) II. B OOK. Trade Liberalization. Romain Wacziarg, editor. A two-volume collection of papers, with an introduction by the editor, in The International Library of Critical Writings in Economics, Edward Elgar, October 2018. - Book website / Introduction by request . … Impact of Extracurricular Activities on Students by Nikki Wilson A Research Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Science Degree III School Counseling Approved: 2 Semester Credits 2 The Graduate School University of Wisconsin-Stout May, 2009
Impact of Extracurricular Activities on Students by Nikki Wilson A Research Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Science Degree III School Counseling Approved: 2 Semester Credits 2 The Graduate School University of Wisconsin-Stout May, 2009 E. Bright Wilson, Jr. is a distinguished scientist and educator whose previous works include Molecular Vibrations and Introduction to Quantum Mechanics (with Linus Pauling). In the present book, he has distilled years of experiment and experience into an indispensable broad-based guide for any scientific worker tackling a research problem
Download [Pdf] An Introduction to Scientific Research
RESEARCH INTO IDENTIFYING EFFECTIVE LEARNING. Artistic research, also seen as 'practice-based research', can take form when creative works are considered both the research and the object of research itself. It is the debatable body of thought which offers an alternative to purely scientific methods in research in its search for knowledge and truth. Scientific research, Russel L. Ackoff, "An Introduction to Scientific Research. E. Bright Wilson, Jr. ," Philosophy of Science 21, no. 4 (Oct., 1954): 354..
Research Papers anderson.ucla.edu
RESEARCH INTO IDENTIFYING EFFECTIVE LEARNING. Introduction to Scientific Research by Wilson, E. Bright, Jr. and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at AbeBooks.com., Impact of Extracurricular Activities on Students by Nikki Wilson A Research Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Science Degree III School Counseling Approved: 2 Semester Credits 2 The Graduate School University of Wisconsin-Stout May, 2009.
Research Methodology: An Introduction 1 1 Research Methodology: An Introduction MEANING OF RESEARCH Research in common parlance refers to a search for knowledge. Once can also define research as a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic. In fact, research is an art of scientific investigation. 2-2-2017В В· Background: The scientific article in the health sciences evolved from the letter form and purely descriptive style in the seventeenth century to a very standardized structure in the twentieth century known as introduction, methods, results, and discussion (IMRAD).
21-7-2011В В· Research involves the critical analysis of each and every solution to a problem using the scientific method to identify the best evidence based solution for action at the time. Research is thus the foundation of evidence based practice [3,4]. Society expects universities to lead both the teaching and carrying out of research. Introduction to Scientific Research by Wilson, E. Bright, Jr. and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at AbeBooks.com.
Russel L. Ackoff, "An Introduction to Scientific Research. E. Bright Wilson, Jr. ," Philosophy of Science 21, no. 4 (Oct., 1954): 354. scientific research in the social sciences, business, education, public health, and related disciplines. This book is based on my lecture materials developed over a decade of teaching the doctoral-level class on Research Methods at the University of South Florida. The target
Page 1 T869 LECH-e Module1 Textbook 2012 Module 1: Introduction to climate change in the context of sustainable development TEXTBOOK By Gordon Wilson, … Title [Pub.81] Download An Introduction to Scientific Research by E. Bright Wilson Jr. PDF Subject: Read Online and Download Ebook An Introduction to Scientific Research.
Introduction to ScientiÞ c Research Projects 12 What is an undergraduate scientiÞ c research project? 1.2 How is different to other types of research projects? An undergraduate scientific research projects fits into a progression of scientific research and is therefore often seen as … DISCLAIMER: This article is not written by Stanley Milgram, but is intended as an example of a psychology research paper that someone might have written after conducting the first Milgram-study. It's presented here for educational purposes. Normally you would use double spacing in the paper. EXAMPLE OF A RESEARCH PAPER
Research is a structured enquiry that utilizes acceptable scientific methodology to solve problems and create new knowledge that is generally applicable. Scientific methods consist of systematic observation, classification and interpretation of data. Although we engage in such process in our daily life, the difference between our An Introduction to Scientific Research: 9780486665450: the book is more specifically intended for students beginning research and for those more experienced research workers who wish an introduction to various topics not included in their An Introduction to Scientific Research Rev Sub edition by Wilson Jr., E. Bright (1991) Paperback
The Scientific Method unce.unr.edu
An Introduction to Scientific Research CaltechAUTHORS. Research Introduction: Research is an essential and powerful tool in leading man towards progress. Without systematic research there would have been very little progress. John W. Best has rightly said, ^The secret of our cultural development has been research, pushing back the areas of ignorance by, 21-7-2011В В· Research involves the critical analysis of each and every solution to a problem using the scientific method to identify the best evidence based solution for action at the time. Research is thus the foundation of evidence based practice [3,4]. Society expects universities to lead both the teaching and carrying out of research..
Edgar Bright Wilson Wikipedia. Research Methodology: An Introduction 1 1 Research Methodology: An Introduction MEANING OF RESEARCH Research in common parlance refers to a search for knowledge. Once can also define research as a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic. In fact, research is an art of scientific investigation., Page 1 T869 LECH-e Module1 Textbook 2012 Module 1: Introduction to climate change in the context of sustainable development TEXTBOOK By Gordon Wilson, ….
CS-M00 Research Methodology Lecture 1 Introduction
The introduction methods results and discussion (IMRAD. An Introduction to Scientific Research [Jr. E. Bright Wilson] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. An Introduction to Scientific Research 1952 E. BRIGHT WILSON, JR. 52-7448 SCIENCE ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS ANALYSIS MEASUREMENTS https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Bright_Wilson I fundamental research methodologies and I good practice in research, I formulation of research questions and hypotheses, I logical reasoning, I literature research, I proper acknowledgement of sources, I principles in carrying out experimental research." CS M00 Lecture 1: Introduction 6/ 41 Overview over the Module Research Culture in Computer.
An Introduction to Scientific Research E. Bright Wilson Jr. and Jesse W. M. DuMond Citation: American Journal of Physics 21, 392 (1953); doi: 10.1119/1.1933468 2|Introduction to Scientific Research Mysteries. She states that when she analyzes handwriting,she tries to focus on small details,such as how Ts are crossed,as well as the larger picture,such as the arrangement and balance on the page and whether anything stands out.From a handwriting analysis of individuals such as former president Bill
A Scientific Review. Most literature reviews describe the learning process of discovering and documenting all that is already known about a particular topic before attempting to add to it. Many research students are told that they need to find a “gap in the literature" and formulate a research question according to that niche. Edgar Bright Wilson Jr. (December 18, 1908 – June 12, 1992) was an American chemist. Wilson was a prominent and accomplished chemist and teacher, recipient of the National Medal of Science in 1975, Guggenheim Fellowships in 1949 and 1970, the Elliott Cresson Medal in 1982, and a …
Wilson Yetoh Fantong John T. Manful In order to develop simple and adaptable measures to reduce the impact of changing climatic conditions and poor postharvest practices on grain quality, data on temperature and postharvest practices were collected and correlated with physical grain quality parameters for 3 rice devel- opment hubs (Ndop, Lagdo and Mbam) in Cameroon. How to Write a Paper in Scientific Journal Style and Format (pdf) The Structure, Format, Content, and Style of a Journal-Style Scientific Paper Table of Contents FAQs early in the Introduction, then narrow toward the more specific topical information that provides
An Introduction to Scientific Research [Jr. E. Bright Wilson] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. An Introduction to Scientific Research 1952 E. BRIGHT WILSON, JR. 52-7448 SCIENCE ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS ANALYSIS MEASUREMENTS Research Introduction: Research is an essential and powerful tool in leading man towards progress. Without systematic research there would have been very little progress. John W. Best has rightly said, ^The secret of our cultural development has been research, pushing back the areas of ignorance by
Artistic research, also seen as 'practice-based research', can take form when creative works are considered both the research and the object of research itself. It is the debatable body of thought which offers an alternative to purely scientific methods in research in its search for knowledge and truth. Scientific research An Introduction to Scientific Research E. Bright Wilson Jr. and Jesse W. M. DuMond Citation: American Journal of Physics 21, 392 (1953); doi: 10.1119/1.1933468
Scientific research has provided knowledge and understanding that has freed humankind from the ignorance that once promoted fear, mysticism, superstition, and illness. Developments in science and scientific methods, however, did not come easily. Artistic research, also seen as 'practice-based research', can take form when creative works are considered both the research and the object of research itself. It is the debatable body of thought which offers an alternative to purely scientific methods in research in its search for knowledge and truth. Scientific research
Abstract. Book review of: An Introduction to Scientific Research. E. BRIGHT WILSON,\ud JR. Pp. 375+xiii, Figs. 53, McGraw-Hill\ud Book Company, Inc., Edgar Bright Wilson Jr. (December 18, 1908 – June 12, 1992) was an American chemist. Wilson was a prominent and accomplished chemist and teacher, recipient of the National Medal of Science in 1975, Guggenheim Fellowships in 1949 and 1970, the Elliott Cresson Medal in 1982, and a …